Monday, August 16, 2021

Buying a Laptop in 2021

 My notes related to buying a new Laptop in 2021 ( work in progress)


Was surprised to see how much the laptop  environment changed in 4-5 years , so much so that now trying to find a good laptop fitting my needs has become a major task in itself 


Below are some notes / scribbles related to my quest to identify a good laptop fitting my needs


My Requirements

> Hybrid storage around 2 TB ( Hybrid because if my C drive crashes my data would be safe)

> min 3 USB ports, HDMI, Prefered (Ethernet slot, card reader)

> Audio jack

> Screen 15.6

> good battery life.

> processor better than my current i7 (7gen)

> Ryzen 7 & above

> CPU 4 core and above 


Purpose : 

> MS Office, Outlook & Visio extensively ,

> Am on Internet most of the day ,

> watch lot of Youtube, Primevideo , Netflix

> HD Movies from files stored on drive.

> Use Camtasia recorder quite often

> Lightroom after every trip ( occasionally)



Guide to Buying a Laptop in 2021 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kb5e1iYYhSU


Notes

CPU core

Systems I am looking at

Lenovo IdeaPad 5
Dell XPS 15

Budget Option:
HP Pavilion 15




Wednesday, August 11, 2021

Health Risk in High Altitudes

 

Health Risk in High Altitudes: Prevention, Symptoms, Treatment

By D Stumm with Dr. Prativa Pandey

 

Note :  This is a great article that I had found years ago on AMS , presumably written by D Stumm in collaboration with Dr Prativa Pandey. 

Click below to read the article  

Link to the article



Kumara Parvata Trek


May 2007


Planning & Departure

 

After a long debate lasting over couple of weeks which also consisted of sending invites to around 10 people for a proposed weekend trek Kumara Parvata located at Kukke Subramanyam was selected.


As it always happens by the time the date and location was finalized almost everyone had backed out citing various reasons.  That left my colleague & friend Niranjan Jadgish & me to undertake the trek.


We were determined to do the trek no matter what and early morning 6’0 clock saw us at Majestic KSRTC bus stand with our trekking gear.


We were supposed to catch the 6 o clock bus to Dharamstala however we got lucky by getting a direct bus to Kukke.

 

Even though its was an ordinary KSRTC bus we had a comfortable journey with Nranjan sleeping as if there was no tomorrow.


The Jungle Trek

 

Everything was going great until we left the highway and entered the final stretch of dirt road leading to KuKke by this time the bus was almost empty barring two other passengers, the driver & the conductor.   Couple of kilometers into this road there was a loud noise the bus shook and then suddenly stopped. I nearly had my heart in my mouth because I was sitting by the window towards the Ghat section and knew that if the Front tyre which blew up had happened at my end that would have most certainly taken the bus over the cliff.

 

Anyway as luck could have it was front tyre besides the Driver that went for a toss – resulting for the time being nothing major other than a sudden and instant traffic jam. It was a small road and with a full sized bus stopping side ways the entire road was blocked. Due to which it was funny to see how many people readily came over to help the driver change the tyre. And when it was found that the bus did not have a jack in it a truck driver quite willing ran over and got one from his truck.

 

Forty minutes later we were on our way again with Niranjan still sleeping through soundly unbothered by these minor incidents – I believe he was dreaming about his girl friend or else he would have come down to inspect the damage.

 

Anyway the joy of being back on road did not last long and as it usually happens with me 5 min down the road another tyre went flat. This time with no more Stephanie the bus driver hurdled us into a private bus which was going towards Kukke.


The last leg of journey which we had to make standing in a low ceiling bus was not that bad apart from the fact the we arrived at Kukke 2 hours behind schedule at around 3 pm.

 

WE had set out with a very strict itinerary and had to finish our trek within Sat & sun and needed to be back in Bangalore by Monday. So come what may we had set our self the target of pushing off to base camp 1 (Plantation house on the hill) to reach this place we had to cover an approx distance of 6 km through dense jungle know to be inhabited by wild elephants know to attack humans if not more. Hence as per the many advise that we received by the locals we had to clear the jungle before the night fell or we would be in a big mess (To compound it we were just a team of  two- so no security in numbers ).

 

This is where we made our first mistake – unaware of the exact nature of the jungle terrain we decided to go down to take a dip at the nearby by river so that we could be fresh for our trek as it was too humid. We were totally confident that even if we start at 4 pm we could easily cover the 6km stretch within 2 hours beating the night fall.

 

After a refreshing bath we started our trek by 4 pm and only once we started the trek did we realize the elementary error we did by not finding about the jungle terrain. Unlike what we thought instead of a flat terrain this particular trail was a steep trail right up to the top. It was very humid and the fact that we both were weighed down by our bags (which consisted of sleeping bag & other equipment which we planned to dump at the plantation before the final attempt towards Kumara Parvata ).

 

It was mother of all treks and by 5pm we had just covered around a km and were totally drained due to fatigue because of the steep ascent and the humidity. Niranjan had taken his T shirt off and trekking with his upper body bare despite the obvious danger of doing so in a Jungle track full of poisonous insects.

 

As time wore by doubts started creeping by as to whether we would be able to clear the jungle in time or not. Soon it was apparent to me that we won’t make it through and started weighing our options like letting Niranjan carry on leaving his bag to get assistance from the plantation (he was the fresher of the two of us at that point), however I knew he would not agree to that. Alternatively I stared to keep a look out for any suitable camping spot to spend the night enroute – It didn’t take me long to realize that the thin trail with a steep slope to one side and  thick vegetation on the other won’t be merciful to us – another option I was considering was to find a decent & safe spot to  dump our bags so that we could trek faster and come back the next day for the same- The unforgiving jungle did not offer a respite even for that idea and we had to just carry on . The most alarming or annoying part was the fact that because the trail was thin if it grew dark and an elephant or a wild animal did come across we had no way to run .we would be in the direct firing line of the predator.

 

The interesting part of the entire trek through the jungle was we never even once considered turning back or voiced our real fears to each other – we just encouraged each other (Niranjan doing the major part) in an effort to clear the trail by night fall which was now fast catching up on us.

 

By 6.30 pm we were totally exhausted and had virtually given up hope when as miracle we came out of the jungle as the last faint light fell behind us engulfing the jungle in a eerie darkness.

 

This is where we made our second mistake - having made out of the jungle we exchanged high fives – sat down relaxed – took things easy – took few snaps – end result we wasted a bit of time.  

 

We thought the worst was behind us and were confident of completing the last half an hour trek to the Plantation even in the growing dark.

 

That was a tactical error since the moment we started on for the last leg of the trek through the hill top thick clouds engulfed us and soon it started pouring Cats & dogs giving us no time to get out our raincoats (anyway we were too tired to pull it out of our bags) I just manage to walk by covering my precious Sony DSC H2 camera with my raincoat that seemed more important than keeping me dry. Soon the heavy downpour started rearing its on ugly head with sudden torrents of water rushing forcefully past the narrow hill trail making us a bit nervous about sliding down due to landslide or sudden force of water. The fact that I was wearing my specs (instead of contacts) made matter worse for me as I couldn’t see where I was walking through the wet glasses.  Looking back it seems amusing now but it was  not even a bit amusing walking through fast flowing water and heavy rain on a thin hill top trail half blind due to no specs. And when we though it couldn’t get worse CRACK a bolt of lightening not even 50 meters away  that made us really hurry however we had hardly gone may be 5 / 10 meters when few meters in front of Niranjan one of the most awesome lighting bolt UI ever seen struck – unlike the florescent/ white bolts this one was red and engulfed everything thing around us in a thick red light. We just stood shell shocked half waiting for the next strike to hit us. Thankfully next strike did not come and after a few minutes of silence we returned to wards each other and exchanged idiotic smile and then it was back to the mad rush to reach the plantation if we ever could. We walked through what we though was the trail all the time hoping the next str5ike wont hit us. Miraculously just as we had kind of lost all hope of reaching the plantation Niranjan shouted above the loud din that he could see the house ( I presumed he was hallucinating) and was a bit worried when he stared going downhill. However heavens be praised another 50 meter or so saw us in front of the plantation house. I am wont be lying if I said that was one of the most truly beautiful sights of my life and the house even though was nothing better than a average mud house seemed like an angelic house which had appeared there to rescue us.

 

Assault On Kumara Parvata

 

I had imagined the Plantation house to be something bigger and made of concrete like the house I had stayed during my trip to Mulayangiri. However this one was made of mud having mud floors, needless to say our baggage got really dirty when we kept our bags inside due to the floor becoming muddy. After drying our self our first priority was to check our baggage to ascertain the extent of damage to our equipment. Thankfully all the expensive electronic equipment like IPODS, Camera, Head Lamp and wallet were dry. So was the sleeping bags thankfully my clothes were dry because I had packed them in a big plastic bag however Niranjan was not that lucky apart from his t-shirt and jeans all his other clothes were wet.

 

Once we had unpacked our sleeping bag over the carry mat (which thankfully saved the sleeping bags from getting too muddy) we sat

 

down to hot steamy rice with home made pickles and sambar. I was starving and felt that was the best food I ever tasted (no pun intended) however couple of trekkers staying at the forest lodge nearby & had come down for dinner did not agree they thought the food sucked. However at least I & Niranjan had no complains.

 

After a fitful night of sleep the morning saw me awake by 7am with a slight pain in my side. After washing up and putting the wet clothes to dry we sat down for a truly disgusting breakfast of UPMA which even Niranjan could not manage to eat despite his hunger – we decided to leave our bags at the plantation and push of for an attempt to reach the summit. As per the instruction of the plantation caretaker it would take us 3 hours to reach the summit ( which I doubted especially having read few accounts of previous expeditions which told me that 2/3 hours is required to reach an old ruin).

 

Now here I might be a bit skeptical of the Plantation Care taker because I really got irritated by him. I have been to treks in different parts of the country & Karnataka and there have been instances wherein we were caught in rain but in all the cases I have come across real good humans who were concerned enough to get you out of the cold fast. However here we were, that night, drenched in rain and totally cold desperate to dry ourselves and get into warm clothes and the only thing this jerk was concerned about was my lack of knowledge of Kanada. It seems funny now but it can be really irritating when something like that happens when you are cold & shivering. He found it strange that inspite of living in Bangalore for 2 years I still did not know Kanada and I found it laughable that inspite of living in India for more than 40 years he did not know Hindi let alone English. But then I presume that you find these types of people everywhere.


Coming back to the trek, we set of for the second leg of our trek by 8.30am carrying few eatables that we had brought along, a flask of watery Tea & a litre of water.

 

Our plan was to reach the summit by 11.30 if possible or else return since we had to trek back to KUKKE to catch the 9pm bus back to Bangalore – the schedule was tight.

 

 We took the trek in light mood enjoying the beautiful landscape – the real beauty of the place was visible now. We trekked through the mist covered hill top trails stopping occasionally to take snaps and enjoy the atmosphere. The trek up to the small ruin was mild compared to our previous days Trek and we made good ground. The only thing that bothered us was the humidity which was real bad even at that mist covered altitude. By the time we had reached the ruin we had finished our meager water supply and we disappointed to find no source of water there contrary to what the guy at plantation had informed us. That was a big set back because having started with just a litre of water we had run out of it (our mistake). Anyways we still had the flask of tea so we sat down at the ruin had a good breakfast deciding on the next course of action , we had made it to this point in pretty good time by around half past 10. After lazing around for half an hour to forty minutes we started for the final trek towards Kumara Parvata since we had run out of water and were hard pushed on time we had decided that we would trek for another 30 min and if the summit was still not insight then we would make a return.

 Half an hour later found us still wandering through the beautiful landscape with the peak still looking ominously close & yet far. 15 minutes of extended trek brought us near to a patch of forest. Niranjan and I had a bout of discussion as to whether we should attempt it or not. During our trek we had passed besides the forest dept. lodge and the care taker there had informed us that the summit was still around a kilometer’s trek beyond the forest and if he was correct then that could have taken us at least another hour to reach. After a brief discussion we made a hard decision on not to continue since we had no water and without a definite guarantee of finding water after crossing the forest we did not want to stretch our self in an unknown terrain. Plus it was nearly 12 pm now and going on would have taken away any chance of return back to KUKKE through the jungle that day.

So with a heavy heart we said our goodbye to the majestic hill (which seemed to be calling us on) and started our return trek. Having spent another 10/15 mins at the ruin we reached the Forest Lodge by 2pm and spent sometime with the Forest Lodge caretaker. We returned back to the plantation for lunch. Lunch was same as last night and I being a spicy food freak had no probs with it, though am not totally certain whether my buddy liked it that much.

 

 Jungle Trek – The Return

 

We had planed to start our return trek by 3.30pm so that we could clear the jungle before nightfall however due to some unforeseen reasons it got delayed ( one of the unforeseen circumstance was the discovery of hot water bath at the plantation  which prompted my pal to have an extended bath ( even yours truly was guilty of the same). So in the end instead of planned 3.30 we setout an hour late. And we got a bit more delayed when my floaters started to come apart and I had to do some touch up work using Tapes to keep it in place ( losing my footwear in the jungle would have been a disaster).

 

However the downward descent through the jungle went peaceful and we made good time. Even though we started off late we were able to clear the jungle by night fall. The only hiccup was the humidity& en number of insect bites.  Apart from these and two incidents where both of us nearly had a ankle twist it was a much pleasant trek compared to the one we had yesterday through the same place.

 

Once through the jungle we decided to stop by the Kumara Parvata signboard to take a departing photo shots that when we realized how tiered we were because the first couple of photos were totally wasted because our hands couldn’t keep still getting a steady shot.


We were laughing about that fact as we went in search of KSRTC booking office to book our bus tickets – getting no luck there we had to be content with a private service operator who was using guess what TATA EXLSI bus.

  

The Return


Once the return formality was taken care off, on Niranjan’s advice we decided to rent a room for couple of hours till dept time at 9.30. It was a good advice because we were all sweaty and could do with a good bath.

 

As luck could have it all the hotels were over booked and we were lucky to get a reserved room for 2 ½ hr because the guest were arriving only by 10pm.

 

It was as-well lucky we got the room because only after entering the room and removing our footwear did we realize the number of leaches that were on our feets. I had 4 on my leg and Niranjan had two (mind you he was wearing a shoe & I had floaters). I have never seen such a big leach attack; my white socks were literally red with blood stains. The leaches were having a blast at the expense of our blood and had grown quite fat by the time we pulled them out and applied medicine.

 

The Cold water bath was truly refreshing and having realized that the towels were forgotten at the plantation, a little bit of innovation was used (wet clothes were converted to temporary towels).

 

The hunt for a good place to have dinner was another adventure since being amavasaya the temple was not offering dinner resulting in all the restaurants being packed to capacity with long queues outside, eventually we did manage to find a decent place and had a good dinner. I thought I wouldn’t be hungry because we had gulped down few glasses of orange & lemon juice when we chanced upon a cheap but great juice centre during our search a restaurant.

 

A hearty meal later we had just enough time to get back to the hotel pack up and reach the departure point which incidentally happened to be near our hotel. It seems Kukke is not short of surprise and we were greeted to the bus driver busy changing the tyre as it had got punctured. We exchanged amused glance and Niranjan was of the opinion better now than midway during the journey. Eventually the tyre was changed and we began our journey about an hour late which did not go well with couple of drunken passengers in the back seat. They created few amusing scenes which was more of amusement than nuisance to us. One of the most interesting bit was when they raised a protest against the bus driver who was letting in more people like an ordinary bus (its at least 8hrs journey from Kukke to Bangalore) these people mostly women had to stand near the front gate and what irked the said fellow passenger was not the overcrowding but the fact that these standing passengers were blocking their view of the onboard movie which was playing.

 

Well as mentioned after an hours delay the over crowded bus eventually got on its way, Niranjan soon dozed off thereby saving himself a few scary moments when the driver decided to take what I presume to be  couple of shortcuts one of which was straight through a shallow river. We however reached Bangalore safely by 6 am next morning which included another hour’s stop en route to fix yet another punctured tyre.

 

Though I had a two swollen hands (due to some poisonous Insect bites) both Niranjan & me agreed that Kumara Parvata trip was really right up there as a great trekking & memorable trip for various reasons. And at least I can’t wait to get back to this beautiful & challenging place, this time better equipped so that we could start the trek from “Bidalli” (Coorg) on to Kukke. And in the process scale the eluding summit of KUMARA PARVATA.

 

Special Advise for Trekkers:

 

*  It’s not advisable to trek from Kukke to the Plantation after 3pm especially if your Bags weigh a lot.

*  Carry lot of water during this part of Trek as dehydration levels are high due to high humidity.

*  Insect repellent like ODOMOS can be very effective during this part of the trek.

*  Its better to stay at the Forest Lodge than the Plantation as there is also a good camping ground near it ( they provide no equipment)

*  For food you would still have to rely on the Plantation people.

*  There was talks of a Trekking fee of Rs115/- to be introduced soon.

*  It’s advisable to carry adequate water during your trek from the Forest Lodge to the Ruins or Summit as chances of finding water en route is not reliable.

*  Carrying of rainwear is a good idea and unless you have tents the ruin does not offer any protection from rain.

*  Last but not the least be wary of the leaches and enjoy your trek.

 

********************************************************

 Note: Travel date May 2007, its a very old write up that I accidentally found while cleaning up my hard disk.

 


Tuesday, July 27, 2021

Camping Food & Recipes

 








Links to  Camping and Backpacking recipes

Dont forget to check out Amanda Outside's website for a list of Camping and Backpacking recipes

Click to Visit 


Friday, July 23, 2021

Camping Tent reviews

 

In this section , I would be sharing links to various sites and channels which offer good reviews related to Trekking and Camping Gears 


Table of Content

--------------------------------------

1) Tent buying guides

2) Tent review videos

3)  Tent List

---------------------------------

TENT Buying guides 

  1. Seasons
  2. Walls
  3. Pricing
  4. Fabric
  5. Poles


Seasons:

1) 2 season and 1 season tents are garbage and must be avoided, only good for backyard camping.

2) 3 Season tents ideal for non winter and less windy treks / events . 3 season tent is all about having good ventilation (lot of Mesh)  and protecting you from elements ( good waterproof fly).

3) 3 Plus Season : Usually has Fabric inner instead of mesh , therefore not suited for Summer climates and also not suited for Winter climates.

   3 plus season tents : Fabric inner ( important)  and Fly ( double wall) 

   3 plus season tents has FABRIC body not Mesh ( Fabric body blocks air flow, traps in heat and not ideal in summer - good for winter ) 

   Not ideal for summer time , good for cooler (not cold) & windy conditions. Should be technically only used in Fall & Spring 


4) 4 season tents are ideal for Winter , heavy Snow and Wind conditions.

   4 season tents are only for winter and heavier and expensive - never use them in summer or other seasons standard pricing 600 USD at low end and above  ( Low end tents only good for moderate winter , moderate snow events and moderate wind conditions etc where as tents priced higher are capable of handling higher cold, higher snow events , winds etc. ( Consider brands like Hilleberg and Black diamond if you are going into blizzard like conditions )


Walls:

1) Single wall tents needs to be used very carefully since they offer very poor ventilation & protection from elements : Has high condensation inside the tent.

2) Single walled 3 season tents : is only suited for Low humidity and dry climate

3) Double wall tents are better and usually reduce condensation 


Pricing :

1) 1 or 2 Season : Upto 60 to 100 USD

2) 3 season  : Avg pricing : USD 150 to 500 USD based on fabric used and quality 

3) 4 Season : 600 USD at low end and cost more as the quality increases  


Fabric:

1) Fabric material is diffrent from Mesh , Fabric traps air flows and heat therefore not ideal with 3 Season tents. You ideally need Mesh for good air flow and ventilation and reduced condensation. However Mesh is not preffered for 4 Season tents.

2) Lot of mesh for good air circulation 

3) Nylon fabric is better because they would be lighter & stronger ; Polyester would be heavier ( Polyster is cheaper ) Nylon requires less fabric to be strong , whereas Polyester requires more fabric to be strong.


Poles:

1) Aluminum poles are the best , Fiberglass Poles are not as strong as Aluminum poles and suseptible to breaking , therefore must be avoided

2) For 4 season tents - avoid exposed tent poles.


Note : 

Avoid Chinese tents , especially those which claim to be 4 season & 3 season.

There is nothing called " All Seasons " 


TENT Buying Guide & Review Videos

The Outdoor Gear Review

is a good channel to get insights about different camping tents 





List of Tents with Positive review

3 seasons 

Wildlands UL2

https://wildlandsoutdoorgear.com/products/wildlands-ultralight-2-person-tent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRjHvQvYl2w&list=WL&index=1

Monday, January 11, 2021

Upgrading from Windows 7 to Windows 10 in Year 2021

How  I upgraded my parents Win 7 to Win 10

So I wanted to upgrade my Parents laptop from Windows 7 to Windows 10 as part of cleaning up their system so as to give the machine a new lease of life.

Issue

1) I was not sure if the upgrade offer was still available since we are now in Jan 2021

2) I was afraid of losing my parents genuine Win7 OS license if the upgrade failed, also I was unaware where to find my parents OS license key

3) The upgrade website link for Microsoft was not working for 3-4 days when I was trying to access it .


Prequel

 Luckily I decided to give the Microsoft Win10 upgrade link one last try and this time the link worked and I was able to download & create a USB media with Win 10 boot / installation files.


Pre Requisite 

1)  Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor or SoC

2) RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit

3) Hard disk space: 16 GB for 32-bit OS or 20 GB for 64-bit OS

4) Graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver

Most importantly

Genuine Windows 7 License which is Activated

To check if your Windows 7 is activated , then Control Panel, Go to  System and Security , then System. This is the page where you see lot of Information about your computer including RAM, Processor, Windows Version you are using etc

At the bottom of this page you should be able to see Product ID and Windows is activated information ( sometime it takes a minute or so for the info to populate so if you see that section blank , just wait  for a bit )  Next to it you should also be able to see a blue colored Genuine Microsoft logo 

Note:

If your product is not activated activate it first before you do anything else 


Steps 

Step 1

I used couple of methods to find the License Key for my parents system , one of them was using this code in command promt as suggested by JhakeSong  ( wmic path SoftwareLicensingService get OA3xOriginalProductKey ) without the brackets.

I also used NirSofts Product key finder  ( https://www.howtogeek.com/206329/how-to-find-your-lost-windows-or-office-product-keys/)

Offcourse you can also look under your Laptop or inside your Laptop battery compartment for the License key sticker  :-)

But surprisingly my parents Win 7 License key was different to the sticker , maybe one of my brothers had upgraded the OS long time back. so It was a good thing that I cross checked .

Step 2

Next step I verified the minimum system requirements related to RAM , HDD size  etc were met , At this stage I also checked to verify that the OS on my parents laptop was "Activated "

Step 3 

was all about backing up the files

a) I backed up files from My Documents, Desktop , Music, Video, My Pictures , My Download folders  in addition to known data files lying in other drives like D & E 

b) Backed up  Bookmarks of Chrome, Firefox  , Internet explorer just incase 

c) You should also not forget to back up your .PST , .OST  incase you have configured Outlook or other mail files in your system ( my parents naturally didn't have those) 

d) Don't forget to make a list of applications currently installed and retrieve their data files  and License Keys before you go to next step

e) And don't forget to retrieve saved passwords from your Chrome/ Firefox  , and also Login Id / mail info from Skype 

Step 4

Watched couple of videos on Youtube especially the below one to get an idea of what to expect 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGN4aXCuGuU

Step 5

Got a USB Pendrive with 8 gb capacility and formatted it

Step 6

Went to Windows Upgrade site  and luckily this time the site came up 

Clicked on Download now tool , 

Downloaded the Media Creation tool , once downloaded activated it by clicking on it.

Agreed the Terms & Conditions

Selected  - Create Installation media 

Basically followed the steps , once done the setup started to get downloaded to the USB drive

Note : I thought it was better to download it to a USB than run the upgrade directly , so as to avoid any issues incase the internet failed during upgrade.

Step 7

Once the Win 10 upgrade files were downloaded to my USB drive

I opened the drive and clicked on Setup 

Step 8

From then onwards it was just following the instructions given during the setup process

Step 9

Because my Windows 7  was genuine and it was Activated , I never received any prompt for Product ID during the upgrade process.

If you do, you can enter the License key of Windows 7 

So that was it , now my parent's laptop has been formatted and upgraded to Win 10 

Note:  During the installation process you will get an option to fully format your drive or to Keep your files , I think its better to format ( remove all files) so as to ensure a clean installation.  Even though the installation only formats drive C , for safety I recommend you backing up all your files just in case other drives also gets formatted. 

All the best :-)

 

------Update-------

One issue post update that I observed

The orientation of the built in Webcam has changed and am yet to get a fix for the same. 

Saturday, October 3, 2015

Hypoxia - Dangers of climbing

A very good article on Anesthesia & Hypoxia  in Anesthesia web written by G.M. Woerlee

Anesthesia & Hypoxia

© G.M. Woerlee


Hypoxia has many different causes, but the bottom line is that metabolism in the cells of the body receive too little oxygen to function normally. Various basic causes of tissue hypoxia are shown by the list below:
  • Hypoxic hypoxia. The body functions normally, but the concentration of oxygen in the inspired air is low enought to cause tiisue hypoxia because too little oxygen enters the blood.
  • Pulmonary hypoxia. Lung function is so abnormal due to disease or injury that insufficient oxygen is transferred from inspired air into the blood.
  • Anemic hypoxia. The amount of oxygen carried by a given volume of blood is directly related to the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. If the hemoglobin concentration is toos low, insufficient oxygen is transported to the cells of the body to sustaing normal tissue function, and tissue hypoxia occurs (see page on anemia for a more extensive discussion of anemia).
  • Stagnant hypoxia. This is tissue hypoxia occurring when blood flow to a part of the body, or all the body, is restricted due to disease or injury. The end result is that tissue hypoxia occurs due to a low flow of blood through the tissue, even though the blood may have a normal, or even higher than normal oxygen content. Stagnant hypoxia of the whole body occurs due to heart failure, cardiogenic shock, or during cardiac massage. These are typical situations where blood flow to the whole body is reduced. Stagnant hypoxia to specific body parts classically occurs due to a tourniquet, injury, or arterial disease.
  • Cellular hypoxia. More than sufficient oxygen is delivered to the cells of body tissues to sustain normal function. However, poisoning of cellular metabolism by various poisons such as cyanide means the cells cannot use the oxygen. Failure of vital metabolic pathways utilizing oxygen to produce the energy generating molecules needed to sustain normal cellular function results in hypoxic failure of tissue function.

A note to the reader

A discussion of each of these different causes of hypoxia is too extensive and ambitious for this website. So the discussion on the website is limited to the effects of hypoxic hypoxia, i.e. hypoxia due to insufficient oxygen in the the blood. Hypoxic hypoxia also reveals the effects of all other forms of hypoxia upon the functioning of the body, and is also the cause of the multitude forms of hypoxia experienced by most people. So let us begin with this fascinating subject.

Hypoxia does not affect all parts of the body equally

Hypoxia profoundly affects the functioning of the body, and some organs are more sensitive to the effects of hypoxia than are others. Of all the body organs, the brain and the eyes are most sensitive to hypoxia. However, some parts of the brain and the eyes need more oxygen to function normally than do other parts, and are accordingly more sensitive to hypoxia. So increasingly severe hypoxia first causes malfunction, and failure, of those parts of the brain and eyes consuming more oxygen, before causing malfunction and failure of those parts of the brain and eyes consuming less oxygen. This is illustrated by the different survival times of different parts of the brain during anoxia (page 278 in Liere & Stickney, "Hypoxia", 1963).
The differences in the sensitivity to hypoxia of different parts of the brain has profound consequences. Consider the example of the common experience of fainting.

Fainting and hypoxia

The brainstem and thalamus generate the wondrous phenomenon called consciousness, and the table above shows that these parts of the brain are more resistant to the effects of hypoxia than are many other parts of the brain. Moreover, the oxygen consumption of the retina per gram retinal tissue is higher than the oxygen consumption of the brain per gram brain tissue. The experience of fainting clearly demonstrates this fact. Fainting is due to a sudden temporary severe reduction of blood flow to the head, and causes rapid onset of hypoxia of all organs and tissues in the head, resulting ultimately in loss of consciousness. Many people reporting their experience of fainting say that everything "went dark", "went black", or "went gray" before they lost consciousness. This experience clearly illustrates that the functioning of the retina failed due to hypoxia before they lost consciousness, because they consciously saw only grey, darkness, or blackness before losing consciousness.

Symptoms of hypoxia

Changes in the functioning of the brain and the eyes caused by increasingly severe hypoxia are the same for each person, because each person has the same basic body structure and function, regardless of race, sex, culture, religion, or psyche. Furthermore, each degree of degree of hypoxia affects more than one part of the brain, as well as more than one part of the eyes, and worsening degrees of hypoxia cause increasingly more parts of the brain and the eyes to malfunction. So at each level of hypoxia, mental and perceptual function is a product of the functioning of the abnormally functioning parts of the brain and the eyes, together with the functioning of the remaining normally functioning parts of the brain and the eyes. This means each level of hypoxia generates a specific cluster of symptoms and manifestations. Studies of hypoxia show it is possible to divide the symptoms and manifestations of hypoxia into four distinct levels: mild, moderate, severe, and extreme (see figure below).
These effects of hypoxia are related to the degree of saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen for people with normal hemoglobin concentration and cardiac function. A more detailed study of the effects of these four degrees of hypoxia is very revealing, of the experiences of mountaineers, of aviators, of people who have undergone hypoxic episodes, as well as revealing many aspects of the experience of dying. Readers of this website should note that all the above, as well as what follows in this website deals exclusively with the effects of acute hypoxia, and does not discuss the effects of chronic adaptation to hypoxia. Acute hypoxia is sudden onset of hypoxia lasting up to several hours.

Mild hypoxia (SpO2 = 100-80%)

Mild hypoxia, is normal to lower a lower level of tissue oxygenation down to a SpO2 = 80%. Mild hypoxia does not affect the functioning of the brain or the senses. Nonetheless, some people are more sensitive to the effects of hypoxia than others and may develop changes in the functioning of the brain, and the senses typical of moderate hypoxia even at mild degrees of hypoxia.

Moderate hypoxia (SpO2 = 80-60%)

Moderate hypoxia at levels of SpO2 = 80-60% does not cause loss of consciousness or affect breathing, but does significantly affect the functioning of the brain and the senses. These changes are fascinating, wondrous, and reveal much about the experiences of hypoxia, the experience of dying, as well as the experiences reported by mountaineers climbing without oxygen, and people who fly too high in unpressurized airplanes. The partial pressures of oxygen at different altitudes with the corresponding hemoglobin saturations (SpO2) are shown in the table below (NONIN datasheet)(N.B. The SpO2 levels are AVERAGES - not absolutes. They will vary according to constitution and health of the individual. So some people will have a lower or higher SpO2 values at these percentage inhaled oxygen, altitudes, etc).

Altitude
(feet)
Altitude
(meters)
Air Pressure
(mmHg)
Oxygen Pressure
(mmHg)
Oxygen Pressure
(% pressure at sea level)
Human SpO2
(%)
0076016021%96%
5,0001,52463213317.5%95%
7,5002,28657512116%93%
10,0003,04852311014.5%89%
12,5003,81047499.513.1%87%
14,0004,26744693.712.3%83%
16,5005,02940384.611.1%77%
20,0006,09634973.39.6%65%
25,0007,62028259.27.8%<60 td="">

Moderate hypoxia occurs when:
  • the oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) is in the range 80-60%,
  • during to ascent to 16,500 feet (5,000 meters) and above without supplemental oxygen,
  • during inhalation of oxygen mixtures at sea level with an oxygen concentration less than, or equal to 11%,
  • for some seconds during cardiac arrest as the brain and body oxygen concentrations are rapidly decreasing,
  • during severe heart failure, anemia, or respiratory diseases, combinations of two or more of any of these factors, as well as those listed above. People suffering any of these three disorders will become hypoxic at lower altitudes, and at higher percentage inspired oxygen concentrations than will healthy people.
The manifestations of moderate hypoxia are wide-ranging and include any one or more of a multitude of hypoxia induced changes in skin color, as well as visual, motor, somatosensory, and mental function.
Skin color - cyanosis
Cyanosis, the blue coloration of the skin and tongue due to desaturation of hemoglobin becomes evident to most observers when the SpO2 drops below 80% (Comroe 1947).
Altered visual function
Moderate hypoxia causes narrowing of the visual fields (Klemp 2007pages 336-337 in Liere & Stickney, "Hypoxia", 1963) resulting in tunnel vision (Lempert 1994apage 514 in Rossen 1943), as well as blurring of vision (page 514 in Rossen 1943). This is the "tunnel experience" reported by those reporting near death experiences. The physiology of the retinal circulation explains narrowing of visual fields very well, and has been extensively discussed by Click here to read more on this subject.
Altered motor function
The Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are large cells extremely sensitive to the effects of hypoxia. Malfunction of these and other parts of the cerebellum result in cerebellar ataxia manifesting during moderate hypoxia (Peacock 1998Johnson-2005). The result is that people with moderate hypoxia have muscle tremors, ataxia, in-coordination with diminished hand-eye coordination (pages 304 & 316-318 in Liere & Stickney, "Hypoxia", 1963). The deterioration of handwriting of people at altitudes above 16500 feet clearly illustrate these points, as does their inability to copy simple graphic figures (Hornbein 1989).
More severe degrees of moderate hypoxia also affect voluntary motor function. Initiation of movements and actual movement requires enormous mental effort (page 317 in Liere & Stickney, "Hypoxia", 1963).
Altered mental function
Moderate hypoxia may induce a wide variety of changes in mental function varying from an attitude of serene unconcern, of calm and tranquil indifference to everything, including pain, or even hilarity, euphoria, to a sense of power with ultimate knowledge. Two descriptions of these changes are listed below.
A person exposed to a low-oxygen tension often passes through an initial stage of euphoria, accompanied by a feeling of self-satisfaction and a sense of power. The oxygen want stimulates the central nervous system so that the subject may become hilarious and sing or shout, and manifest other emotional disturbances.(page 300 in Liere & Stickney, "Hypoxia", 1963)
Hypoxia quickly affects the higher centers, causing a blunting of the finer sensibilities and a loss of sense of judgment and of self criticism. The subject feels, however, that his mind is not only quite clear but unusually keen. He develops a fixity of purpose and continues to do what he was doing when hypoxia first began to affect him, in spite of the fact that it may lead to disaster. This fixity of purpose is highly dangerous, especially when such an individual is responsible for the lives or others, such as is true of an airplane pilot. (page 300 in Liere & Stickney, "Hypoxia", 1963)
Other changes in mental function induced by moderate hypoxia are listed below.
  • Moderate hypoxia reduces ability to perform word association tests, together with causing abnormal responses ( Gellhorn 1937).
  • Moderate hypoxia slows reaction times (Hornbein 2001).
  • Moderate hypoxia reduces performance in intelligence tests (Jain 1964).
  • Moderate hypoxia slows speech comprehension (Lieberman 1995).
  • Moderate hypoxia reduces the ability to remember and recognize (Yonelinas 2002page 300 in Liere & Stickney, "Hypoxia", 1963).
  • Moderate hypoxia reduces hand steadiness, and degrades visual contrast discrimination (Otis-1946).
  • Moderate hypoxia can induce auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as arousing auditory and visual memories (Brugger 1999).
  • Moderate hypoxia can induce a feelings of "sensed presence" - a sensation where the affected person senses the presence of a person or other being in their vicinity (Firth 2004Brugger 1999).
  • Moderate hypoxia can induce feelings of depersonalization, and van even induce out-of-body experiences (Firth 2004Brugger 1999).
Effects of prolonged moderate hypoxia and holy men
Moderate hypoxia lasting for several hours to days can induce changes in mental function such as difficulty with concentration, planning, calculation, and memory that may take from three to twelve months to resolve (Hornbein 1989West 1986).
Brain malfunction induced by hypoxia may even be one of the reasons why holy people seek high, and lonely places to meditate and undergo religious experiences. After climbing high in the mountains, hypoxia alters the functioning of their brains. They become unconcerned and indifferent to cold, weariness, and hunger. Wonderful feelings of calm exultation arise, and their mental processes seem unusually keen and sharp. Isolation and fixity of purpose ensure that their feelings of mystical exultation and rapt concentration continue without thought of rest or food for a considerable time. After several weeks, their bodies adapt to the low oxygen pressure in the air they breathe, and their bodies become less hypoxic. Their feelings of religious exultation fade along with their indifference to hunger and discomfort, and they decide to return to the lowlands. It takes three months to one year before the changes in mental function return to normal after several days exposure to moderate hypoxia at high altitudes. So these holy people develop long-lasting hypoxia-induced changes in mental function during their sojourn in the mountains. Upon their return to the lowlands, their followers observe the changes caused by their stay in the mountains. They interpret the indifference caused by hypoxic brain malfunction as a renewed inner calm and transcendence of the world about them. And all are happy, because meditation high in the mountains has indeed wrought wondrous changes.

Severe hypoxia (SpO2 = 60-40%)

Severe hypoxia is an extension of the effects of moderate hypoxia to involve even more aspects of eye and brain function, and occurs when:
  • the oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) is in the range 60-40%,
  • during to ascent to 25,000 feet (7,620 meters) and above without supplemental oxygen,
  • during inhalation of oxygen mixtures at sea level with an oxygen concentration less than, or equal to 7.8%,
  • for some seconds during cardiac arrest as the brain and body oxygen concentrations are rapidly decreasing,
  • during severe heart failure, anemia, or respiratory diseases, combinations of two or more of any of these factors, as well as those listed above. People suffering any of these three disorders will become hypoxic at lower altitudes, and at higher percentage inspired oxygen concentrations than will healthy people.
Altered visual function
Tunnel vision may still be present, but worsening of the level of hypoxia eventually causes failure of the entire retina, and total loss of vision (Rossen 1943Andina 1937). The fact that people say they see nothing, only blackness, at this level of hypoxia means that they are still conscious.
Consciousness is retained
Indeed, because people say they have tunnel vision, or only see blackness at this level of hypoxia means that people usually retain consciousness at higher levels of severe hypoxia. This has some unusual effects - effects that can be termed "apparent unconsciousness", because people are conscious but paralyzed. In this situation people appear unconscious, simply because they do not, and cannot move.
Malfunction of the brain
Severe hypoxia causes generalized malfunction of the cerebral cortex. This has a number of fascinating consequences resulting in most unusual experiences for those experiencing severe hypoxia.
  • Malfunction of the supplementary and primary motor cortex means that people are conscious but paralyzed, and cannot move, even when they try (page 515 in Rossen 1943page 317 in Liere & Stickney, "Hypoxia", 1963).
  • Malfunction of the frontal eye fields results in immobility of the eyes, which then stare straight ahead (pages 513-514 in Rossen 1943).
  • Malfunction of Broca's area, as well as Wernike's, means people are unable to speak during severe hypoxia.
  • Malfunction of the temporal cortex and deeper structures can induce auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as arousing auditory and visual memories (Brugger 1999).
  • Malfunction of parietal cortical functions means failure of normal function of the primary somatosensory cortex, the secondary somatosensory cortex, and integrative cortex (angular gyrus), means that people with severe hypoxia result a loss of a sense of body position, or body image. Such blurring, or total loss of the sense of body image and body position, may even result in a disintegration of all sense of space and self, causing affected people to feel a sense of being 'one with the universe', of depersonalization, or out-of-body experiences (Brugger 1999).
These effects, and the state of 'apparent unconsciousness' explains the experiences reported by those undergoing near death experiences (click here for a detailed discussion of the physiology of near death experiences). For example, the experience of a woman who underwent a period of severe hypoxia caused by nearly lethal lung disease is a good example of this. She reported:
I saw them resuscitating me. It was really strange. I wasn't very high; it was almost like I was on a pedestal, but not above them to any great extent, just maybe looking over them. I tried talking to them but nobody could hear me, nobody would listen to me.(Margot Gray, "Return From Death: An Exploration of the Near Death Experience")
No-one heard this woman speak, even though she tried to speak. Failure of her primary motor cortex functions caused by severe hypoxia paralyzed her, so she could not speak, no matter how hard she tried to speak. This report is unusual, because severe hypoxia usually causes failure of the supplementary motor cortex, as well as failure of the adjacent primary motor cortex. The supplementary motor cortex is a region of the brain surface next to the primary motor cortex, and is responsible for planning and initiating voluntary movements. People affected by failure of their supplementary motor cortex functions no longer even think of speaking or moving, because thoughts of speaking or moving simply do not arise in their minds.

Extreme hypoxia (SpO2 <40 h3="">

The effects described above are those of severe hypoxia. Progression of the severity of hypoxia finally results in extreme hypoxia. Extreme hypoxia eventually causes failure of brain stem functions. The brainstem is a part of the brain most resistant to the effects of hypoxia, and only malfunctions and fails at degrees of hypoxia causing failure of the rest of the brain. Extreme hypoxia causes failure of all cerebral cortex functions, as well as brainstem malfunction so inducing loss of consciousness, together with abnormal breathing. Even more extreme hypoxia causes failure of all brainstem functions, causing loss of consciousness and cessation of breathing, resulting in anoxia, subsequent irreversible brainstem damage and death.

Finally

These are the effects of the four degrees of hypoxia, and are summarized below
  • Mild hypoxia does not affect the functioning of the brain.
  • Moderate hypoxia affects the functioning of the brain and the senses, removes sensations of pain or discomfort, causes people to feel calm, sometimes even joyful, as well as arousing feelings of serene unconcern or indifference. Supplementary motor cortex malfunction results in a lack of desire to move, so people usually do not move. A degree of primary motor cortex malfunction causes muscle weakness, so that when some people do try to move, they discover that voluntary movement is difficult and requires intense effort. More severe degrees of moderate hypoxia may also induce life-review, or out-of-body experiences.
  • Severe hypoxia induces all the effects of moderate hypoxia, except that the degree of brain malfunction is more extreme. Supplementary and primary motor cortex malfunction are such that people do not even think of moving, and when a few people do try to move, they discover they are totally paralyzed. And because severely oxygen starved people do not move, they appear unconscious even though they are often still conscious.
  • Extreme hypoxia causes failure of all brain and brainstem functions, causing loss of consciousness, abnormal, or actual cessation of breathing, and ultimately death.